Native Title Report 2008 - Appendix 6
Examine climate change impacts on remote Indigenous communities in northern Australia, including health, environmental and land management risks.
Summary
[1] Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Top End, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/impacts/regions/te.html (viewed 17 December 2008) [2] D Green, Climate change impacts on remote Indigenous communities’ health in northern Australia, Climate Change Impacts and Risks CSIRO (2006), p 21. At http://www.sharingknowledge.net.au/files/indigenoushealth_cc200606.pdf (viewed 17 December 2008) [3] Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Climate Change – Potential Impacts and Costs: Northern Territory, Fact Sheet.
Native Title Report 2008
Appendix 6: Projected Climate Change Impacts and Potential Impacts on Indigenous Communities
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| Regions | Projected climate change impacts[1] | Potential Impacts on Indigenous communities |
|---|---|---|
| Australia | Environmental Impacts: Increased temperature Increase in the severity and frequency of many natural disasters, such as bushfires, cyclones, hailstorms and floodsIncrease in extreme weather eventsIncreased drought frequency and severity coastal erosion and salt inundation Other Impacts:Growth in peak summer energy demandRise in heat-related illness and death over 65sSome adverse effects for agriculture | Increasing existing disadvantage for unemployment, health and land rights Remote Indigenous communities at increased risk of health issues and isolation and a low adaptive capacityDirect and indirect health related problems linked to environmental change including mental health Cultural impacts and separation if connection to country is lost from extreme weather events or sea level inundation Higher levels of disease and health issuesThreats to housing and restrictions on housing optionsNecessary migrationLoss of income from the tourist industry, employment opportunities cultural heritage and traditional food sources |
| Top End | Climate: Tropical Environmental Impacts: More frequent and severe droughtsMore severe and extreme storm eventssalt inundation and changes to mangrove ecology Urban water security may be threatenedCoastal areas infrastructure and wetlands vulnerable to sea level rise Other Impacts: Spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne diseases | Infrastructure damagePressure on emergency services in remote communitiesHeat stress and injuries from stormsIndirect impact on species habitat can lead to reduction in protein intake, social dislocation and mental illness or grief due to inability to care for country in Indigenous peoples[2]Reintroduction of melioidosis |
| Mid Northern Territory | Climate: Grassland, Tropical Environmental Impacts:water supply likely to be stressed due to increased demand and climate-driven changesmore frequent and severe droughtsExtreme storm events. More flash flooding and fires | Rising sea levels, increased frequency of tropical cyclones and extreme weather events are likely to significantly impact on biodiversity, critical habitats, tourism, food and cultural values important to Indigenous communities Warmer temperatures and increased rainfall variation are likely to increase the intensity of food and water borne diseases. This will particularly affect remote Indigenous communities. E.g. number of Aboriginal children being admitted to hospital with diarrhoea likely to increase by 10 per cent by 2050[3] |
| Central Australia | Climate: Grassland, Desert Environmental Impacts:urban water security may be threateneddecline in annual rainfall, higher evaporationincreases in extreme storm events Other Impacts:Increase in vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne diseases | Reintroduction of dengue, malaria, diarrhoea, Japanese encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis, Ross River fever[4]Remote communities particularly vulnerable Food security: increased food prices and loss of environment to secure bush tuckerWater security: potential increased aridity and depletion of groundwaterIncreased risk of heat related illness and death from extreme heat and weather events Communities dependent on tourism may be adversely affected in warmer monthsDamage to infrastructurePressure on medical and hospital services |
| North Eastern Queensland | Climate: Equatorial, Tropical, Subtropical, Grassland Environmental Impacts:Decline in annual rainfall, higher evaporationReduced run-off to rivers, including Fitzroy and BurnettStress on water supply, more severe droughtsIncrease in extreme storms, cyclone damage, flash floodingGreat Barrier Reef likely experience significant annual bleaching by 2030 Other Impacts:vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease likely increase with predictions Dengue Fever mosquito reaching Rockhampton by 2050 | More frequent extreme weather and flooding could make isolated Indigenous communities in the far north inaccessible more often Significant water temperature rises and bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef could be devastating for coastal Aboriginal communities with strong links to the sea, particularly if the species affected included totemic animals such as turtles[5] |
| Western Queensland | Climate: Desert, Grassland, Subtropical Environmental Impacts:Water supply likely to be stressed, higher evaporation, possible decline in annual rainfallTendency more frequent and severe droughtsIncrease extreme storm events, more flash flooding and fires Other Impacts:possible spread vector-borne disease further south | Increasing temperatures result in greater risk of heat-related illness and allow mosquitoes to breed in new areas Indigenous peoples' exposure to new diseases. Increasing temperatures will also affect the frequency and severity of bushfires, challenging fire management practices and potentially endangering lives of Indigenous communities. |
| South Eastern Queensland | Climate: Subtropical, Temperate Environmental Impacts:increased stress on water supplymore frequent and severe droughts, greater fire riskincrease in extreme storm events, flash floodingcoastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundationOther Impacts:possible spread vector-borne disease further southsome adverse effects for agriculture | Needs more research |
| North Western Australia | Climate: Tropical, Grassland Environmental Impacts:coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundationincreased stress on water supplymore frequent and severe droughtsincrease in extreme storm events, flash flooding Other Impacts:some adverse effects for agricultureincrease in spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease. Mosquito carries Dengue Fever possibly reach Port Hedland by 2050 | Climate change will affect tourism in the Kimberley region, which will consequently affect the livelihood of many indigenous communities dependent on tourismIndigenous communities' traditional fishing practices will be affected when climate change causes fish populations to deplete substantially[6] |
| Mid Western Australia | Climate: Desert, Grassland Environment Impacts:coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundationurban water security may be threatenedmore frequent and severe droughts increase in extreme storm events, flash flooding Other Impacts:Increase in spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease. Mosquito carries Dengue Fever may reach Carnarvon by 2050 | Increased risks of food and water-borne diseases in remote Indigenous communities due to rising temperatures |
| South Western Australia | Climate: Temperate, Subtropical, Grassland Environmental Impacts:coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundationincreased stress on water supplypossible decline in annual rainfall and highly evaporation, likely to reduce runoff to rivers including Canning and Thompson Brook by 2030possible 30 percent decline in runoff to Stirling catchment by 2050more frequent and severe droughtsincreases in extreme storm events Other Impacts:vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease may be spread further southsome adverse effects for agriculture | Needs more research |
| South Eastern Western Australia | Climate: Desert, Grassland Environmental Impacts:increased temperaturesincreased stress on water supplymore frequent and severe droughtsincreases in extreme weather events, flash floodingcoastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundation Other Impacts:spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease | Needs more research |
| Mid South Australia | Climate: Desert, Grassland Environmental Impacts:increased stress on water supplymore frequent and severe droughtsincrease in extreme weather eventsOther Impacts:spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease | Needs more research |
| Southern South Australia | Climate: Grassland, Temperate Environmental Impacts:urban water security may be threateneddecline in annual rainfall and higher evaporation, projected decline of 0-25 percent for Scott Creek by 2030increases in extreme storm eventscoastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundationCO2 benefits experienced by forestry may be offset by decline in rainfall, more bushfires and changes in pests Other Impacts:spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease some adverse impacts for agriculture | Needs more research |
| New South Wales | Climate: Temperate, Subtropical, Grassland, Desert Environmental Impacts:threats to urban water securityless runoff in rivers in many catchments. Murray-Darling Basin decrease of 10-25 percent by 2050. More frequent and severe droughts, greater fire risk10-40 percent reduction in snow cover by 2020: impact for ecosystems and alpine tourismCO2 benefits experienced by forestry may be offset by decline in rainfall, more bushfires and changes in pestsincreases in extreme storm eventscoastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundation Other Impacts:spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease further southsome adverse impacts for agriculture | Despite the utilisation of wildlife for livelihood being more common in remote communities, the loss of access to agricultural resources and wildlife could also adversely affect economic development of Indigenous communities in settled coastal regions of New South Wales[7] |
| Victoria | Climate: Temperate, Grassland Environmental Impacts:threats to urban water securitydecline in annual rainfall , higher evaporation likely reduce run-off to rivers by up to 45 percent10-40 percent reduction in snow cover by 2020: impact for ecosystems and alpine tourismIncreases in extreme storm eventscoastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundationCO2 benefits experienced by forestry may be offset by decline in rainfall, more bushfires and changes in pests Other Impacts:spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease further southsome adverse impacts for agriculture | Indigenous people living in remote communities are at increased risk with the number of Aboriginal children being admitted to hospital with diarrhea likely to increase by 10 per cent by 2050[8] Decreased yields in agriculture would affect the economic development of Indigenous communities |
| Tasmania | Climate: Temperate Environmental Impacts:threats to urban water securityincrease in annual rainfall , higher evaporation lead to uncertain effects on run-off into rivers10-40 percent reduction in snow cover by 2020: impact for ecosystems and alpine tourismIncreases extreme storm eventsCO2 benefits experienced by forestry may be offset by decline in rainfall, more bushfires and changes in pests Other Impacts:spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease further south some adverse impacts for agriculture | Needs more research |
- Increased temperature
- Increase in the severity and frequency of many natural disasters, such as bushfires, cyclones, hailstorms and floods
- Increase in extreme weather events
- Increased drought frequency and severity
- coastal erosion and salt inundation
- Growth in peak summer energy demand
- Rise in heat-related illness and death over 65s
- Some adverse effects for agriculture
- Increasing existing disadvantage for unemployment, health and land rights
- Remote Indigenous communities at increased risk of health issues and isolation and a low adaptive capacity
- Direct and indirect health related problems linked to environmental change including mental health
- Cultural impacts and separation if connection to country is lost from extreme weather events or sea level inundation
- Higher levels of disease and health issues
- Threats to housing and restrictions on housing options
- Necessary migration
- Loss of income from the tourist industry, employment opportunities cultural heritage and traditional food sources
- More frequent and severe droughts
- More severe and extreme storm events
- salt inundation and changes to mangrove ecology
- Urban water security may be threatened
- Coastal areas infrastructure and wetlands vulnerable to sea level rise
- Spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne diseases
- Infrastructure damage
- Pressure on emergency services in remote communities
- Heat stress and injuries from storms
Indirect impact on species habitat can lead to reduction in protein intake, social dislocation and mental illness or grief due to inability to care for country in Indigenous peoples [2]
- Reintroduction of melioidosis
- water supply likely to be stressed due to increased demand and climate-driven changes
- more frequent and severe droughts
- Extreme storm events. More flash flooding and fires
- Rising sea levels, increased frequency of tropical cyclones and extreme weather events are likely to significantly impact on biodiversity, critical habitats, tourism, food and cultural values important to Indigenous communities
- urban water security may be threatened
- decline in annual rainfall, higher evaporation
- increases in extreme storm events
- Increase in vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne diseases
Reintroduction of dengue, malaria, diarrhoea, Japanese encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis, Ross River fever [4]
- Remote communities particularly vulnerable
- Food security: increased food prices and loss of environment to secure bush tucker
- Water security: potential increased aridity and depletion of groundwater
- Increased risk of heat related illness and death from extreme heat and weather events
- Communities dependent on tourism may be adversely affected in warmer months
- Damage to infrastructure
- Pressure on medical and hospital services
- Decline in annual rainfall, higher evaporation
- Reduced run-off to rivers, including Fitzroy and Burnett
- Stress on water supply, more severe droughts
- Increase in extreme storms, cyclone damage, flash flooding
- Great Barrier Reef likely experience significant annual bleaching by 2030
- vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease likely increase with predictions Dengue Fever mosquito reaching Rockhampton by 2050
- More frequent extreme weather and flooding could make isolated Indigenous communities in the far north inaccessible more often
Significant water temperature rises and bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef could be devastating for coastal Aboriginal communities with strong links to the sea, particularly if the species affected included totemic animals such as turtles [5]
- Water supply likely to be stressed, higher evaporation, possible decline in annual rainfall
- Tendency more frequent and severe droughts
- Increase extreme storm events, more flash flooding and fires
- possible spread vector-borne disease further south
- Increasing temperatures result in greater risk of heat-related illness and allow mosquitoes to breed in new areas Indigenous peoples' exposure to new diseases.
- Increasing temperatures will also affect the frequency and severity of bushfires, challenging fire management practices and potentially endangering lives of Indigenous communities.
- increased stress on water supply
- more frequent and severe droughts, greater fire risk
- increase in extreme storm events, flash flooding
- coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundation
- possible spread vector-borne disease further south
- some adverse effects for agriculture
- coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundation
- increased stress on water supply
- more frequent and severe droughts
- increase in extreme storm events, flash flooding
- some adverse effects for agriculture
- increase in spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease. Mosquito carries Dengue Fever possibly reach Port Hedland by 2050
- Climate change will affect tourism in the Kimberley region, which will consequently affect the livelihood of many indigenous communities dependent on tourism
Indigenous communities' traditional fishing practices will be affected when climate change causes fish populations to deplete substantially [6]
- coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundation
- urban water security may be threatened
- more frequent and severe droughts
- increase in extreme storm events, flash flooding
- Increase in spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease. Mosquito carries Dengue Fever may reach Carnarvon by 2050
- Increased risks of food and water-borne diseases in remote Indigenous communities due to rising temperatures
- coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundation
- increased stress on water supply
- possible decline in annual rainfall and highly evaporation, likely to reduce runoff to rivers including Canning and Thompson Brook by 2030
- possible 30 percent decline in runoff to Stirling catchment by 2050
- more frequent and severe droughts
- increases in extreme storm events
- vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease may be spread further south
- some adverse effects for agriculture
- increased temperatures
- increased stress on water supply
- more frequent and severe droughts
- increases in extreme weather events, flash flooding
- coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundation
- spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease
- increased stress on water supply
- more frequent and severe droughts
- increase in extreme weather events
- spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease
- urban water security may be threatened
- decline in annual rainfall and higher evaporation, projected decline of 0-25 percent for Scott Creek by 2030
- increases in extreme storm events
- coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundation
- CO2 benefits experienced by forestry may be offset by decline in rainfall, more bushfires and changes in pests
- spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease
- some adverse impacts for agriculture
- threats to urban water security
- less runoff in rivers in many catchments. Murray-Darling Basin decrease of 10-25 percent by 2050.
- More frequent and severe droughts, greater fire risk
- 10-40 percent reduction in snow cover by 2020: impact for ecosystems and alpine tourism
- CO2 benefits experienced by forestry may be offset by decline in rainfall, more bushfires and changes in pests
- increases in extreme storm events
- coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundation
- spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease further south
- some adverse impacts for agriculture
Despite the utilisation of wildlife for livelihood being more common in remote communities, the loss of access to agricultural resources and wildlife could also adversely affect economic development of Indigenous communities in settled coastal regions of New South Wales [7]
- threats to urban water security
- decline in annual rainfall , higher evaporation likely reduce run-off to rivers by up to 45 percent
- 10-40 percent reduction in snow cover by 2020: impact for ecosystems and alpine tourism
- Increases in extreme storm events
- coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and inundation
- CO2 benefits experienced by forestry may be offset by decline in rainfall, more bushfires and changes in pests
- spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease further south
- some adverse impacts for agriculture
Indigenous people living in remote communities are at increased risk with the number of Aboriginal children being admitted to hospital with diarrhea likely to increase by 10 per cent by 2050 [8]
- Decreased yields in agriculture would affect the economic development of Indigenous communities
- threats to urban water security
- increase in annual rainfall , higher evaporation lead to uncertain effects on run-off into rivers
- 10-40 percent reduction in snow cover by 2020: impact for ecosystems and alpine tourism
- Increases extreme storm events
- CO2 benefits experienced by forestry may be offset by decline in rainfall, more bushfires and changes in pests
- spread of vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne disease further south
- some adverse impacts for agriculture
[1] Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Top End, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/impacts/regions/te.html (viewed 17 December 2008) [2] D Green, Climate change impacts on remote Indigenous communities' health in northern Australia , Climate Change Impacts and Risks CSIRO (2006), p 21. At http://www.sharingknowledge.net.au/files/indigenoushealth_cc200606.pdf (viewed 17 December 2008) [3] Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Climate Change – Potential Impacts and Costs: Northern Territory , Fact Sheet. At: http://www.climatechange.gov.au/impacts/publications/pubs/fs-nt.pdf (viewed 18 December 2008) [4] D Green, Climate change impacts on remote Indigenous communities' health in northern Australia , Climate Change Impacts and Risks CSIRO (2006). At http://www.sharingknowledge.net.au/files/indigenoushealth_cc200606.pdf (viewed 17 December 2008) [5] Sharing Knowledge, Climate Change Impacts in Northern Australia , http://www.sharingknowledge.net.au/ (17 December 2008) [6] Sharing Knowledge, Climate Change Impacts in Northern Australia , http://www.sharingknowledge.net.au/ (17 December 2008) [7] Altman JC & Jordan K, Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Australians: Submission to the Garnaut Climate Change Review EPR Topical Issue No.3/2008, Centre for Aboriginal Policy Research, Australian National University (2008). At: http://www.anu.edu.au/caepr/Publications/topical/Altman_Jordan_Garnaut%20Review.pdf ewed 18 December 2008) [8] tralian Government, Department of Climate Change, Climate Change – Potential Impacts and Costs ctoria Fact Sheet. At: http://www.climatechange.gov.au/impacts/publications/fs-vic.html (viewed 18 December 2008).