2008 Face the Facts - Chapter 2

Face the Facts (2008)

Questions and Answers about Migrants and
Multiculturalism

2.1 How many people migrate to Australia?
2.2 Where do migrants come from?
2.3 Who can migrate?
2.4 Where do migrants settle in Australia?
2.5 What are the impacts of migration?
2.6 How diverse are Australians?
2.7 How religiously diverse is Australia?
2.8 What is multiculturalism?
2.9 Australian citizenship
Further reading

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2.1 How many people migrate to Australia?

In 2007-08, the number of new migrants who settled permanently in Australia
was 205
940.^[78] The Department of
Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) and the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)
defines ‘settled permanently’ as:

those persons who are already in Australia on a temporary basis and are
granted permanent residence status
those persons who arrive from an overseas destination and are entitled to
stay permanently in Australia.

This figure includes:

149 365 people living overseas who applied
for and were granted a visa allowing them to enter and stay permanently in
Australia (these are called ‘settler arrivals’)
56 575 people already living in Australia on temporary visa
arrangements (such as student or business visas) who applied for and were
granted a visa allowing them to stay permanently in
Australia.^[79]

Did you know?

In 2007-08, new migrants who settled permanently in Australia
increased by 7.3% compared to

2006-07

Overseas migrants

In 2007-08, 149 365 new settlers arrived in Australia from
overseas.This figure includes: 65 404 (43.8%) under the Skill
Stream, 38 404 (25.7%) under the Family Stream, 9507 (6.4%) as refugees and
humanitarian entrants, 131 (0.09%) who qualified under special eligibility
criteria, 34 491 (23.1%) New Zealanders (who freely enter Australia to live and
work under the Trans-Tasman Travel Agreement) and 1428 (1.0%) others, including
former citizens returning to
Australia.^[80]

The number of settler arrivals changes each year according to the number of
visas issued by the (DIAC). Figure 2.1 shows these changes.

Figure 2.1 Settler arrivals, 1998-2008

Source: Department of Immigration and Citizenship Facts in
Immigration, Fact Sheet 2. At http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/02key.htm (viewed 8 October 2008).

Post-war migration

Since 1945, 6.8 million people have come to Australia as new settlers.
Australia received more than 900 000 migrants since the year 2000, compared
with:

over 900 000 in the 1990s
1.1 million in the 1980s
960 000 in the 1970s
1.3 million in the 1960s
1.6 million between 1946 and
1960.^[81]

Figure 2.2 Settler arrivals in Australia: October 1945-June 2005

*This group contains six financial years.** The data to 1959 was for
permanent and long term arrivals.Source: Department of Immigration and
Citizenship, Immigration: Federation to Century’s End
1901-2000, (2001), p. 26-27. At http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/federation/federation.pdf (viewed 15 March 2008).

Onshore migrants

Settler arrival statistics do not tell the full story about permanent
migration. In recent years, a growing number of people who are already in
Australia on temporary visas (such as student or business visas) have applied
for, and been granted, visas allowing them to stay permanently in Australia.

In 2007-08, 56 575 people already in Australia were granted visas
allowing them to stay permanently in Australia. This figure includes 42 065
(74.4%) under the Skill Stream, 12 276 (21.7%) under the Family Stream, 12
(0.02%) under special eligibility, and 2222 (3.9%) as refugees and humanitarian
entrants.^[82]

The combination of settler arrivals from overseas and permanent settlement by
persons already in Australia is referred to as ‘permanent additions to
Australia’s population’.

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2.2 Where do migrants come from?

Until the 1970s, the White Australia Policy restricted immigration from
non-European countries.^[83] Today
people can apply for a visa to settle permanently in Australia regardless of
their ethnic origin, race, religion or gender.

In 2007-08, the top 10 countries of birth of permanent settlers (onshore and
arrivals) were: United Kingdom (30 841); New Zealand (27 619); India (22 688);
China (excluding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) (21 208); South Africa (7762);
Philippines (7382); Malaysia (5139); Korea (4953); Sri Lanka (4824); Thailand
(3384) comprising 66% of the
total.^[84] The remaining 34% of
permanent settlers were born in over 190 other countries. Opening immigration to
people from a large number of countries has resulted in a great diversity of
established and emerging ethnic communities in Australia.

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2.3 Who can migrate?

New Zealanders can enter, live and work in Australia under the terms of the
Trans-Tasman Travel Agreement and do not need a visa. All other migrants must
apply for a visa to come to Australia. To get a visa, migrants must pass health
and character checks and meet certain entrance criteria depending on the
category they fit into. They are selected by the Department of Immigration and
Citizenship (DIAC) under the following broad categories:

Skill Stream Migrants are migrants who have skills or outstanding
abilities that will contribute to the Australian
economy.^[85] In 2007-08, 107 469 people migrated to Australia as skilled migrants,
representing about 52% of total migration to
Australia. This is an increase from 98 918 skilled
migrants in 2006-07. There are several categories of skill stream migrants who
are granted visas based on a variety of eligibility
criteria:^[86]
- Independent Skilled Migrants are skilled migrants who are
  not sponsored by a relative or employer and must pass a points test to be
  granted a visa. The aim of the points test is to identify factors in the
  applicant that will either benefit Australia or help with settlement. The
  accumulation of points is based on the migrant’s age, skills,
  qualifications, English language ability and employability, so they can
  contribute quickly to the Australian economy. These ‘independent skilled
  migrants’ form the largest component of skilled migrants each year. In
  2007-08, 54 743 independent skilled migrants came to Australia, representing 51%
  of the total number of skilled migrants who came to Australia.
- State/Territory Nominated Independent Migrants are people
  who are interested in settling in states or territories where their skills are
  in demand and have a sound chance of gaining employment in that state or
  territory soon after arrival. Skill matching is included under this category.
  There were 3435 migrants in this category in 2007-08.
- Regional Sponsored/Independent Migrants can be independent
  or sponsored by an eligible relative or by a state or territory to live and work
  in a regional or low population growth metropolitan area in Australia. There
  were 4526 migrants in this category in 2007-08.
- Australian Sponsored Skilled Migrants are sponsored by
  Australian citizens who are related to them or by a state or territory
  government agency. Applicants must meet a points test which takes into account
  their age and work skills as well as various sponsor attributes. The Skilled
  Sponsored visa: introduced on 1 September 2007 for persons with good English
  language skills who have skills and qualifications in an occupation in need in
  Australia and who are sponsored by an eligible relative living in Australia or
  who obtain nomination from a participating state or territory government agency.
  There were 8343 Australian Sponsored Migrants in 2007-08.
- Employer Nominated Migrants are skilled migrants who
  are ‘sponsored’ by an employer. These migrants may already be
  working for that employer in another country and wish to transfer to Australia
  or may be new employees brought in to fill particular skill shortages or
  vacancies, particularly in regional areas of Australia. In 2007-08, 23 099
  employer nominated migrants were sponsored to migrate to Australia.
- Business Skills Migrants are successful business
  people with established skills in business who have a genuine commitment to
  owning and managing a business in Australia. 6532 migrants entered Australia in
  2007-08 under this category.
Distinguished Talent Migrants are individuals who have
outstanding records of achievement in a profession, occupation, the arts or
sport.This is a small migrant category and included 213 migrants in
2007-08.^[87]
Family Stream Migrants are chosen according to their relationship
with a sponsor who must be a close family member and an Australian resident or
citizen. There is no test for skills or language ability as for skilled stream
migrants. There is currently a test for most people applying for Australian
citizenship (see section 2.9). The family stream has grown from 31 310 visas in
1997-98 to 45 291 visas in 2005-06. However, in this period the family
stream’s overall share of the Migration Program fell from 47% to 35%. The
family stream in 2007-08 had 50 680
migrants.^[88]
Humanitarian Program Entrants are chosen because they are refugees or
people in need of humanitarian assistance. In 2007-08, there were 13 014 visas
granted under the Humanitarian
Program.^[89]

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2.4
Where do migrants settle in Australia?

Figure 2.3 New permanent
settlers (including offshore and settler arrivals) by state/ territory of
intended residence, 2007-08.

Figure 2.3 New permanent settlers (including offshore and settler arrivals) by state/ territory of intended residence, 2007-08.

Source: Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Immigration Update 2007
-08, (forthcoming, 2009), Table 1.4 Permanent Additions by Selected
Characteristics 2007-08, p. 12. Note: Figures do not total 205 940 exactly due
to some migrants not stating their place of intended settlement; percentages has
been rounded to the nearest percent.

2.5 What are the impacts of migration?

Economy

Migrants contribute to the economic development of Australia in many ways,
such as: filling skill shortages; putting a demand on goods and services;
investing in the Australian economy; and fostering international trade through
knowledge of overseas markets, business networks, cultural practices and
languages other than English.

Migration raises average incomes and increases the scale of the economy
generating wealth and employment for all Australians. Economic modelling done by
Access Economics estimates that under the 2007-08 Migration Program, migrants
would add $610 million to the budget surplus in the first year, and $1.5 billion
in 2028.^[90]
Australia's multi-lingual, multicultural workforce can increase productivity
and help businesses gain a competitive advantage.

For more information see K Carrington, A McIntosh, and J Walmsley, The Social Costs and Benefits of Migration into Australia, University of
New England, (2007) at: http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/research/social-costs-benefits/index.htm

Or visit the Diversity Council Australia’s (DCA) website at http://www.dca.org.au/ for more
information.

Employment

Contrary to some opinions, research shows that immigration does not cause
higher unemployment. In fact, migrants create jobs by increasing demand for
goods and services. Research also shows that the ability of migrants to
participate in the workforce increases the longer they live in Australia.

In August 2007, the unemployment rate for all people born overseas was 4.3%
compared with 4.0% for those born in
Australia.^[91] Immediately after
their arrival the unemployment rate of new migrants is higher than the
Australian average. However, their unemployment rate falls significantly over
time. Long established migrants (23 year residence or more) have lower rates of
unemployment than the Australian-born population (4.2 % compared with
6%).^[92]
Research also suggests that the success with which new migrants find jobs is
also related to their proficiency in English, age, skill level and
qualifications.^[93]
60% of recent migrants arrive in Australia with a post-school qualification.
However only 34% of these recent migrants have their qualification recognised in
Australia.^[94]

Welfare system

Migrants must have lived in Australia as a permanent resident for at least
two years before they can access most social security payments, including
unemployment assistance, sickness benefits and student
allowances.^[95]
Some family migrants must have an Assurance of Support lodged for them. This
is a legal commitment to repay the Australian Government certain welfare
payments paid to migrants during their Assurance of Support Period and is
usually, but not necessarily, lodged by a
sponsor.^[96]
Most new migrants are not eligible for age or disability pensions until 10
years after their arrival in
Australia.^[97]

Population

Since Federation, natural population increase (the number of births minus the
number of deaths) has generally contributed more to Australia's annual
population growth than migration. However, with declining fertility and an
ageing population, this is likely to change over the next few decades.
Immigration will become a more important influence on population growth or
decline.

In recent years, there has been much debate about the need for a population
policy and the role of migration in such a policy. Australia's population is an
ageing one. This demographic shift has important long-term implications for
Australia's future economic growth and overall living standards. Research
suggests that migration can help counter some of the negative effects of an
ageing population by adding to the population of the labour
force.^[98]

Environment

Concern has grown in recent years regarding the impacts of population growth
on the natural environment. Critics of current levels of migration argue that
Australia does not have the 'carrying capacity' for a larger population. Others
argue that Australia's environmental problems would not disappear with a smaller
population because environmental damage is caused by other factors such as
wasteful consumption patterns and poor management of natural
resources.^[99]

Crime

Current research shows no evidence of a causal connection between crime and
ethnicity: some overseas-born groups have lower crime rates and some have higher
crime rates than the Australian-born population. This does not mean that crime
is linked to ethnicity. Overall, the crime rate of the overseas born population
has been lower than that of the Australian born
population.^[100] Factors such as unemployment, education, socio-economic disadvantage and lack of
access to services have more bearing than ethnicity on crime
rates.^[101]

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2.6 How diverse are Australians?

Many years of migration from a
range of countries has made Australia culturally diverse.

Overseas-born

In the 2006 Census, approximately 22% of Australia's population stated that
they were born overseas. The top five places of birth of those born overseas
were England (4.3%), New Zealand (2%), China (1%), Italy (1%) and Vietnam
(0.8%).^[102]
In the 2006 Census, Western Australia had the highest proportion of
residents born overseas (27.14%). New South Wales and Victoria have almost equal
proportions of overseas-born people (23.76% and 23.79% respectively) followed by
the ACT (21.71%) and South Australia (20.32%), Queensland (17.91%), NT (13.76%)
and Tasmania
(10.61%).^[103]
In 2007, 30% of marriages were between two people with different countries
of birth.^[104]

Ancestry

In 2006, there were 8 048 204 Australians who stated that one or both
parents were born overseas (40% of the total population).
In the 2006 Census, the three most common ancestries that people identified
with were Australian (37.7%), English (31.6%) and Irish (9.1%).
Other common ancestries included Scottish (7.6%), Italian (4.3%), German
(4.1%), Chinese (3.4%), Greek (1.8%), Dutch (1.6%) and Indian
(1.2%).^[105]

Language

In 2006, 15.8% of Australians spoke a language other than English in their
homes.^[106]
Collectively, Australians speak over 200 languages. In 2006, Italian (with
316 895 speakers) was the most popular language other than English spoken at
home followed by Greek (252 226), Cantonese (244 553), Arabic (243 662) and
Mandarin (220 600).^[107]

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2.7 How religiously diverse is Australia?

Australia has been spiritually plural for over 50 000 years given the
diversity of beliefs and practices among Australia’s Indigenous
peoples.^[108] With the
commencement of colonisation in Australia in 1788, Anglicans, Catholics,
Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Jews and Muslims began arriving
in Australia. At the beginning of the 20^th Century, Christianity
was the predominant religion in Australia, peaking at 96.9 % in 1921. Since then
Christianity has progressively decreased and was 63.9% according to the 2006
Census.^[109] In 1921, the Anglican
Church was the largest religious organisation in Australia with 43.7% of the
population identifying as Anglican. This percentage has progressively decreased
and by the early 1990s, a greater portion of the population identified as
Catholic.^[110]

The first 20 years of Australia’s post World War II migration, which
was mainly from Europe, changed the ethnic character of Australia and expanded
its range of Christian churches. Post war migration: expanded and diversified
Catholicism with the arrival of Italian, Dutch and Polish migrants; expanded the
Greek Orthodox Church with Greek migrants; brought new Orthodox Churches from
Eastern Europe; and Protestant Churches from Northern Europe. Australia’s
Jewish population also expanded with the arrival of Jewish refugees.

In 2006, Catholics were the largest religious group in Australia at 25.8%, of
the total population, while Anglicans were the second largest at 18.7%. The next
largest religious groups were: Uniting Church at 5.7%,and Presbyterian and
Reformed at 3.0%.^[111] In 2006
Buddhists were 2.1% of Australia’s population and Muslims 1.7%. While
small, these groups have progressively increased since the early 1990s, and in
2006 were greater than two small but older Christian faiths, Baptists, who were
1.6 % of the population; and Lutherans 1.3%. In 2006, Hindus at 0.7% of the
population exceeded Jews at
0.4%.^[112]

Due to changes in migration since the late 1960s, Australia now has
significant and growing communities from the Buddhist, Muslim and Hindu faiths.
Also due to recent immigration, Australia has small communities from the Sikh,
various Chinese and Japanese religions and others. Very small groups have also
formed within Australia to practice Paganism, Witchcraft and
Satanism.^[113]

Since the 1930’s, the percentage of Australians declaring ‘no
religion’ has been steadily increasing. In 2006, 18.7% or almost one fifth
of Australians claimed to have ‘No
Religion’.^[114]

Figure 2.4 Australia’s Religious Profile (2006)

(a) Includes Christian denominations with smaller percentages of the
total population, including: Oriental Christian/ Orthodox, Brethren, Assyrian
Apostolic and all other Christian.

(b) Includes Australian Aboriginal religions at 0.03% and religions at
0.01% including: Chinese religions, Japanese religions, Scientology, Wicca,
other nature religions, Paganism and Satanism.

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Religious Affiliation,
Catalogue No.2068.0, (2007).

Religious discrimination and vilification

Discrimination on the basis of religion is unlawful in a number of states and
territories in Australia: the Australian Capital Territory, Western Australia,
Queensland, the Northern Territory and Victoria. States and territories use
various terms to describe religion under their respective anti-discrimination
legislation including ‘religious conviction’, ‘religious
belief or activity’, and ‘religious affiliation’. South
Australia’s Equal Opportunity Act 1984 does not cover religious
discrimination.

Religious vilification is the incitement to form or express hatred of others
on the basis of religion. It is unlawful in a number of states and territories
in Australia including: Tasmania and Queensland under respective
anti-discrimination legislation and in Victoria under the Racial and
Religious Tolerance Act
2001.^[115]

Table 2.1 Religious discrimination and religious vilification laws in
Australia 2008

	Federal	NSW	QLD	VIC	SA	WA	ACT	TAS	NT
Religious Discrimination	No*	No**	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Religious Vilification/Hatred	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No

*The Australian Human Rights Commission can hear complaints about religious
discrimination in employment.** There is protection for ethno-religious
discrimination under the NSW definition of racial discrimination.Source:
Australian Human Rights Commission, Guide to the Racial Discrimination
Act, http://www.hreoc.gov.au/racial_discrimination/guide_to_rda/index.html,
(viewed 11 September 2008).

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2.8 What is multiculturalism?

The term ‘multiculturalism’ has a number of meanings, depending
on the context in which it is being used.

First, multiculturalism is often used to describe the diverse cultural make
up of a society. This publication, for instance, sets out a range of facts which
demonstrate the diversity and multicultural character of Australia’s
population.
Second, multiculturalism refers to a set of norms that uphold the right of
the individual to retain and enjoy their culture.
Third, multiculturalism is the name given to a government policy which seeks
to recognise, manage and maximise the benefits of cultural
diversity.^[116]

Australia’s multicultural policy Multicultural Australia
United in Diversity: Strategic Directions 2003-2006 expired in 2006. There
is currently no federal government policy on multiculturalism. On 17 August 2007
the Race Discrimination Commissioner, Tom Calma, issued a position paper which
supported multiculturalism in the three senses set out above. The paper sets out
the human rights principles underlying multiculturalism and argues for the
continuation of Australia’s multicultural policy.

Visit http://www.humanrights.gov.au/racial_discrimination/multiculturalism/multiculturalism2007.pdf to read Multiculturalism: A Position Paper by the Acting Race Discrimination
Commissioner 2007.

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2.9 Australian citizenship

Taking up Australian citizenship is one way migrants show their willingness
to participate fully in Australia's democratic institutions and carry out their
'civic duty'. Table 2.2 shows the citizenship take-up rate for specific
birthplace groups based on the 2006 Census. The overall citizenship take-up rate
for all overseas-born Australians eligible to become citizens was 73% at the
time of the Census.

A total of 121 221 persons were conferred Australian citizenship in 2007-08.
Migrants from the United Kingdom (22%), India (7%), China (6%), New Zealand
(5%), South Africa (4%), Iraq (3%), and the Philippines (3%) together comprised
50% of all people conferred Australian Citizenship in
2007-08.^[117]

Citizenship testing

On 30 May 2007 the Australian Citizenship Amendment (Citizenship Testing)
Bill was introduced into parliament. The Bill amended the Australian
Citizenship Act 2007. The law now requires most permanent residents
to complete the test successfully before applying for Australian citizenship.
The Australian citizenship test commenced on 1 October 2007. According to the
Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) the test requires those seeking
Australian citizenship to have a basic understanding of English and an adequate
knowledge of Australia and Australian
values.^[118]

Visit http://www.immi.gov.au/about/reports/annual/2006-07/html/outcome2/output2_3.htm for more information about citizenship testing.

Visit http://www.humanrights.gov.au/legal/submissions/2007/aust_citizenship_amendment.html for the Commission’s Submission to the Legal and Constitutional Affairs
Committee on the Australian Citizenship Amendment Bill (Citizenship Testing
Bill) 2007.

Table 2.2 Citizenship rates for overseas-born people resident in Australia
for two years or more- 2006

Country of birth	Citizenship rate
Greece	97.2%
Vietnam	93.7%
Philippines	88.1%
Italy	80.5%
Netherlands	78.0%
South Africa	77.1%
Germany	74.4%
India	67.8%
China (excl. SARs & Taiwan)	67.0%
United Kingdom	65.9%
New Zealand	39.4%
Total overseas-born	72.9%

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Table 14.40 Citizenship Rates,
overseas-born people resident in Australia for two years or more – 2006, Year Book Australia 2008, Catalogue No. 1301.0,(2008), p. 460.

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Footnotes

^[78] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Immigration Update 2007-2008, Commonwealth of Australia
(forthcoming, 2009).

^[79] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Immigration Update 2007-2008, Commonwealth of Australia
(forthcoming, 2009).

^[80] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Immigration Update 2007-2008, Commonwealth of Australia
(forthcoming, 2009).

^[81] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship Key Facts in Immigration, Fact Sheet 2. At
http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/02key.htm (viewed 05 August 2008).

^[82] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Immigration Update 2007-2008, Commonwealth of Australia
(forthcoming, 2009).

^[83] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Abolition of the ‘White Australia’ Policy,
Fact Sheet 8. At http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm (viewed 22 March 2008).

^[84] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Immigration Update 2007-2008, Commonwealth of Australia
(forthcoming, 2009).

^[85] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Overview of Skilled Migration to Australia, Commonwealth
of Australia, (2007), http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/24overview_skilled.htm (viewed 10 February 2008).

^[86] Department of Immigration
and citizenship, Overview of Skilled Migration to Australia, Fact Shet
24.At http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/24overview_skilled.htm (viewed 20 August 2008).

^[87] Department of Immigration
and citizenship, Overview of Skilled Migration to Australia, Fact Sheet
24. At http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/24overview_skilled.htm (viewed 20 August 2008).

^[88] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Overview of Family Stream Migration, Fact Sheet 29. At http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/29overview_family.htm (viewed 25 September 2008).

^[89]Department of Immigration and
Citizenship, Australia’s Refugee and Humanitarian Program, Fact
Sheet 60. At http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/60refugee.htm,
(viewed 15 September 2008).

^[90] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Estimated fiscal impact 2007-2008 and 2008-2009,
Commonwealth of Australia, (2008). At http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/media/media-releases/2008/est-fiscal-impact0708.pdf (viewed 05 September 2008).

^[91] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Population flows: Immigration aspects 2006-07, Commonwealth of Australia, (2008), p. 87. At http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/popflows2006-7/ch6pt03.pdf (viewed 06 April 2008).

^[92] D Cobb-Clark,
“Immigration and Unemployment: New Australian evidence”, in J Jupp,
(ed) Immigration and Multiculturalism: Global Perspectives, Committee for
Economic Development of Australia, (1999).

^[93] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Migrant Labour Market Outcomes, Fact Sheet 14. At http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/14labour.htm (viewed 15 February 2008).

^[94] Australian Bureau of
Statistics, Labour Force Status and Other Characteristics of Migrants,
Catalogue No. 6250.0, (2007), p. 4. At http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/6250.0Nov%202007?OpenDocument viewed 08 September 2008).^[95] Department of Immigration and Citizenship, What support is there if I do not
find work? http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/settle-in-australia/everyday-life/work/whatsupport.htm (viewed 10 February 2008).

^[96] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Assurance of Support, Fact Sheet 34. At http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/34aos.htm (viewed 25 February 2008).

^[97] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Parent Visa Options, Commonwealth of Australia, http://www.immi.gov.au/migrants/family/family-visas-parent.htm (viewed 15 February 2008).

^[98] P McDonald, and R Kippen, The Impact of Migration on the Ageing of Australia’s Population, Commonwealth of Australia, (1999), p. 21. At http://www.immi.gov.au/media/statistics/population/ageing/_pdf/ageing.pdf (viewed 10 February 2008).

^[99] B Foran, and F Poldy, Dilemmas Distilled – Options to 2050 for Australia’s
population,technology, resources and environment, CSIRO, (2002), http://www.cse.csiro.au/publications/2002/dilemmasdistilled.pdf (viewed 10 February 2008).

^[100] Australian Bureau of
Statistics, Prisoners in Australia - 2007, Commonwealth of Australia,
(2007). At http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookupMF/8D5807D8074A7A5BCA256A6800811054 (viewed 05 April 2008).

^[101] S Mukherjee, Ethnicity
and Crime: trends & issues in crime and criminal justice, Australian
Institute of Criminology, (1999). At http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/ti117.pdf (viewed 20 January 2008).

^[102] Australian Bureau of
Statistics, 2006 Census Quick Stats, Commonwealth of Australia, (2008).
At http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ProductSelect?newproducttype=QuickStats&btnSelectProduct=View+QuickStats+%3E&collection=Census&period=2006&areacode=0&geography=&method=&productlabel=&producttype=&topic=&navmapdisplayed=true&javascript=true&breadcrumb=LP&topholder=0&leftholder=0&currentaction=201&action=401&textversion=false#Country%20of%20Birth (viewed 10 September 2008).

^[103] Australian Bureau of
Statistics, 2006 Census Data by Topic, Commonwealth of Australia, (2008).
At http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/TopicList?prenavtabname=Topic%20List&collection=Census&period=2006&breadcrumb=T&&navmapdisplayed=true&textversion=false&
(viewed 01 April 2008).

^[104] Australian Bureau of
Statistics, Marriages, Australia 2007, Commonwealth of Australia, (2008).
At http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3306.0.55.0012007?OpenDocument (viewed 20 October 2008).

^[105] Australian Bureau of
Statistics, 2006 Census Data by Topic, Commonwealth of Australia, (2008).
At http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/TopicList?prenavtabname=Topic%20List&collection=Census&period=2006&breadcrumb=T&&navmapdisplayed=true&textversion=false& (viewed 01 April 2008).

^[106] Australian Bureau of
Statistics, Language Spoken at Home (Full classification list) By Sex. Catalogue Number 2068.0 (2008). At http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POTLD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Language%20Spoken%20at%20Home%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Language& (viewed 11 September 2008).

^[107] Australian Bureau of
Statistics, Marriages, Australia 2007, Commonwealth of Australia,
(2008).

^[108] H Carey, Believing in
Australia: A Cultural History of Religions, (1996).

^[109] H Mol, the Faith of
Australians, (1985) and H Carey, 1996 Believing in Australia: A Cultural
History of Religions, (1996).

^[110] H Mol, the Faith of
Australians, (1985) and H Carey, 1996 Believing in Australia: A Cultural
History of Religions, (1996).

^[111] Australian Bureau of
Statistics, Religious Affiliation, Catalogue No.2068.0, (2007).

^[112] Australian Bureau of
Statistics, Religious Affiliation, Catalogue No.2068.0, (2007).

^[113] Australian Bureau of
Statistics, Religious Affiliation, Catalogue No.2068.0, (2007).

^[114] Australian Bureau of
Statistics, Religious Affiliation, Catalogue No.2068.0, (2007).

^[115] See Racial and
Religious Tolerance Act 2001 (Vic) s 8; Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (QLD) s 131A; and Anti-Discrimination Act 1998 (Tas) s 19.

^[116] C Inglis, Policy Paper
No. 4, Multiculturalism: New Policy Responses to Diversity, UNESCO,
(1995). At http://www.unesco.org/most/pp4.htm (viewed 20 September 2008).

^[117] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, emailed responses to the Australian Human Rights Commission,
(15 October 2008).

^[118] Department of Immigration
and Citizenship, Australian Citizenship, http://www.immi.gov.au/about/reports/annual/2006-07/html/outcome2/output2_3.htm (viewed 11 September 2008).

2008 Face the Facts - Chapter 2

Face the Facts (2008)

Questions and Answers about Migrants and Multiculturalism

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2.1 How many people migrate to Australia?

Overseas migrants

Figure 2.1 Settler arrivals, 1998-2008

Figure 2.2 Settler arrivals in Australia: October 1945-June 2005

2.2 Where do migrants come from?

2.3 Who can migrate?

2.4 Where do migrants settle in Australia?

2.5 What are the impacts of migration?

2.6 How diverse are Australians?

Overseas-born

Ancestry

Language

2.7 How religiously diverse is Australia?

Figure 2.4 Australia’s Religious Profile (2006)

Religious discrimination and vilification

Table 2.1 Religious discrimination and religious vilification laws in Australia 2008

2.8 What is multiculturalism?

2.9 Australian citizenship

Citizenship testing

Table 2.2 Citizenship rates for overseas-born people resident in Australia for two years or more- 2006

Further reading

Footnotes

Questions and Answers about Migrants and
Multiculturalism

2.4
Where do migrants settle in Australia?

Table 2.1 Religious discrimination and religious vilification laws in
Australia 2008

Table 2.2 Citizenship rates for overseas-born people resident in Australia
for two years or more- 2006