Morton v. Queensland Police Service (2010)

Legal

COURT OF APPEAL

SUPREME COURT OF
QUEENSLAND

Morton v. Queensland Police Service

SUBMISSIONS OF THE AUSTRALIAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

10 February 2010

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COURT OF APPEAL

SUPREME COURT OF
QUEENSLAND

CA NUMBER: 178/09

NUMBER: D75/08

APPELLANT: FLORENCE MAY MORTON

AND

RESPONDENT: QUEENSLAND POLICE SERVICE

SUBMISSIONS OF THE AUSTRALIAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

The Australian Human Rights Commission (‘the Commission’) has
sought leave to appear as amicus curiae in these appeal proceedings. The
Commission does not argue for a particular outcome in the appeal, but rather
seeks to identify the relevant principles of law for the assistance of the
Court.
These submissions address the following issues:
- (a) the proper construction of s 10 of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) (‘RDA’) based on the text of the International
  Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (‘CERD’);^[1]
- (b) the recent decision of the Full Court of the Federal Court in Bropho
  v State of Western Australia (2008) 169 FCR 59 (‘Bropho’) which considered the proper construction of s 10 of the RDA and the
  application of CERD rights;
- (c) the application of the relevant principles to this appeal; and
- (d) the proper construction of s 8 of the RDA with respect to ‘special
  measures’.

ISSUE TO BE DETERMINED

The relevant effects of the Liquor Act 1992 (Qld)
(‘Liquor Act’) and the Liquor Regulation 2002 (Qld)
(‘the Regulations’) are to make it an offence for a person to
possess on Palm Island more than one case of mid strength or light beer and to
prohibit the possession of any other form of
alcohol.^[2]
The Regulations also declare 17 other Indigenous communities to be
restricted areas.^[3]
The appellant, who is an Aboriginal woman, was convicted of an offence under
s 168B(1) of the Liquor Act, having been found in possession of two bottles of
whiskey on Palm Island.
The appeal poses the question whether the particular provisions of the
Liquor Act and the Liquor Regulations that operate to restrict the possession of
alcohol on Palm Island are contrary to the RDA.

OVERVIEW OF RDA AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION OF CERD

CERD aims to eliminate discrimination and achieve equality without
distinction as to race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin. These
objects reflect a longstanding and widely recognised international human right
of non-discrimination and equality. The RDA gives effect to CERD and the text of
CERD is set out in the schedule of the RDA.
Section 9(1) of the RDA contains a general provision rendering acts of
racial discrimination unlawful. The section reproduces the language of article
1(1) of CERD.
Section 10 of the RDA does not replicate any specific provision of
CERD;^[4] instead, it creates a general
right to equality before the law. It does not prohibit discrimination per
se but is concerned with ensuring the equal enjoyment of rights of
all persons under law.^[5] Section 10
operates as a stand-alone provision in the RDA in the sense that it does not
require the Court to determine whether the impugned law contravenes s 9(1)
and/or (1A) of the RDA.^[6]Further, s
10(1) does not require an impugned law to make an explicit distinction based on
race: it is directed at ‘the practical operation and effect’
of the impugned legislation and is ‘concerned not merely with matters
of form but with matters of
substance’.^[7]
Sections 9 and 10 of the RDA engage a wide range of human rights and
freedoms, which are not limited to the human rights described in article 5 of
CERD.^[8]
Sections 11 to 15 of the RDA proscribe race discrimination in specific areas
of public life, including access to places and facilities and the provision of
goods and services. Those sections do not limit the generality of s 9 and have
been described as ‘amplifying and applying to particular cases the
provisions of s 9’.^[9]
The RDA provides very limited exceptions to race discrimination. Relevantly,
there is an exception to discrimination if the conduct is a special measure: see
s 8 of the RDA.

PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION RELEVANT TO RDA

The following principles of interpretation are relevant to these
proceedings:
1. where the RDA uses the same language as CERD, the provisions of the RDA
  should be construed in the same way as the relevant provision of CERD is
  construed;^[10]
2. when ascertaining the meaning of CERD, primacy should be given to the text
  of CERD with consideration of the context, objects and purposes of
  CERD;^[11]
3. the manner of interpreting an international treaty is one which is more
  liberal than that ordinarily adopted by a court construing exclusively domestic
  statutes. It is undertaken in a manner unconstrained by technical local rules or
  precedent, but on broad principles of ‘general
  acceptation’;^{[12 ]}
4. there is a presumption that Parliament intended to legislate in accordance
  with its international
  obligations;^[13] and
5. a court should not impute to the legislature an intention to abrogate or
  curtail fundamental rights or freedoms unless such an intention is clearly
  manifested by unmistakable and unambiguous
  language.^[14]

PROPER CONSTRUCTION OF SECTION
10 OF THE RDA

Section 10 of the RDA relevantly provides:

(1) If, by reason of, or of a provision of, a law of the
Commonwealth or of a State or Territory, persons of a particular race, colour or
national or ethnic origin do not enjoy a right that is enjoyed by persons of
another race, colour or national or ethnic origin, or enjoy a right to a more
limited extent than persons of another race, colour or national or ethnic
origin, then, notwithstanding anything in that law, persons of the
first-mentioned race, colour or national or ethnic origin shall, by force of
this section, enjoy that right to the same extent as persons of that other race,
colour or national or ethnic origin.

(2) A reference in subsection (1) to a right includes a reference to a right
of a kind referred to in Article 5 of the Convention.

As the Full Court of the Federal Court observed in Bropho v State of
Western Australia (2008) 169 FCR 59 at 83 [81] – [83], the application
of s 10 of the RDA requires the Court to consider:

(a) whether there
is a relevant ‘right’ or ‘rights’ that are affected by
the impugned law; and

(b) if so, whether persons of a particular race do not enjoy that right or
enjoy it to a more limited extent than persons of another race by reason of the
impugned law.
This second step requires the Court to ask:

(a) whether there is
a limitation upon the enjoyment of a right by people of a particular race by
reason of law; and

(b) whether any limitation upon the right is a legitimate one, intended to
achieve a non-discriminatory purpose.

(a) What are the relevant ‘right’ or ‘rights’ that
are affected?

It is necessary to approach the meaning of ‘rights’ in a broad
way to avoid undermining the purpose of s 10(1) of the RDA. As its title makes
clear, s 10 is intended to guarantee equality before the law. Such purpose is
also clear from the second reading speech of the Racial Discrimination Bill
1975: ‘The Bill will guarantee equality before the law without
distinction as to
race.’^[15]
The ‘rights’ protected by s 10(1) are not limited to the rights
set out in CERD. It is also clear that the term ‘right’ as used in
s 10(1) does not necessarily refer to a legal right recognised in domestic
law.^[16]

Equality before the law generally

The impugned provisions of the Liquor Act and the Regulations have
the practical effect of making a distinction between Indigenous and
non-Indigenous people in Queensland. The distinction - which in practical terms
imposes a different regime of alcohol regulation for the Appellant and other
Indigenous people when compared to non-Indigenous people - is sufficient to
engage the human right of equality and non-discrimination.

Access to goods

The Commission agrees with the Appellant’s identification of this
right and the submissions made by the Appellant about the
right.^[17]
The Commission submits that the Liquor Act and Regulations engage the right
of access to goods. That right includes the terms and conditions upon which a
person may access those goods – including limitations on the ability to
possess them.

The right to engage freely in public activity

The Commission agrees with the Appellant’s identification of this
right and the submissions made by the Appellant about the
right.^[18]

(b) Is there a limitation on the enjoyment of the right by
Indigenous people?

The Commission agrees with Appellant’s submissions to the effect that
there is a limitation on the rights of Indigenous people arising from the Liquor
Act and Regulations.^[19]

(c) Permissible limitations on rights – Bropho decision

The Commission submits that whilst the Appellant’s submissions address
the identification of the rights in question, they do not consider the
application of the rights and the extent to which those rights may be limited.
Very few human rights have an absolute character, in the sense that there
may be no limitation or restriction of the right. Where there are claims of
competing rights or interests, a court may be called on to strike a balance
between the competing claims and determine when and how certain rights may be
limited. In Bropho, the Full Court accepted that some forms of
differential treatment resulting from the operation or effect of a State law are
permissible if the law has a legitimate and non-discriminatory public
goal.^[20]
In Bropho the Court identified the permissible limits could be placed
upon the right to property at international law. The Court held that ‘a
State has a right to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use
of property in accordance with the general
interest’.^[21] The Court
also held that ‘no invalid diminution of property rights occurs where
the State acts in order to achieve a legitimate and non-discriminatory public
goal’.^[22] The Court found
that the laws in that case interfered with the rights of the Indigenous
residents, but did so for the purpose of protecting the safety and welfare of
the residents, particularly women and children. They were therefore not
invalidated by s 10(1) of the RDA.

(d) Applying Bropho

A number of points may be noted in applying the decision in Brophoand determining what will constitute a
‘legitimate’ interference with
rights.^[23] The Commission submits
that the following steps should be considered.
First, when determining the legitimacy of a limitation of a right, the
assessment is an objective one—it is not sufficient, for example, that the
legislature lacked a discriminatory motive or
intention.^[24]
Second, proportionality will be a vital factor in making assessments of what
is ‘legitimate’, ‘reasonable’ or
‘justifiable’—a measure will not be legitimate if its impact
upon rights is disproportionate to the claimed purpose or benefit of the
measure. In considering proportionality, the Court should consider the
following:
- Is the measure applied only for a specific purpose and directly related to a
  specific need?
- Is the regime the least restrictive one available to achieve the lawful
  objectives pursued? The court should consider whether the measure can reasonably
  be said to involve the least possible interference with the right to be free
  from race discrimination.
Third, the legitimacy of any limitation upon a right must be assessed in the
context of the right in question: not all rights can necessarily be limited in
the same ways.^[25]
Fourth, because the ‘balancing’ of rights is taking place in the
context of the right to racial equality before the law and non-discrimination,
legitimacy should be judged against the objectives and purposes of CERD and
another relevant human rights instrument such as the
ICCPR.^[26]

(e) Are any limitations upon the rights in this case legitimate?

In this matter, it is important to consider the reasons for the limitation
of the relevant rights. Judge Durward noted that the provisions of the Liquor
Act and the Regulations reflected the recommendations in the Cape York Justice
Study Report in 2001 (‘the Report’). This highlighted the
seriousness of the alcohol problem in Indigenous communities in unequivocal
terms.^[27]
Further, it appears that the Legislature’s objective was to
‘prevent harm in community areas caused by alcohol abuse and misuse and
associated violence’.^[28] The explanatory notes to the Indigenous Communities Liquor Licences Bill
2002 noted that the Report had recommended immediate Government intervention and
that unless the epidemic of alcohol abuse in Indigenous communities was
addressed, reforms in social and economic development and education would not be
sustainable.^[29] The Report
recommended that Government should first seek to work with and empower
Indigenous communities to take action to address alcohol, but that if this
community based approach did not result in improvements within three years, the
Government should consider prohibiting alcohol
altogether.^[30]
The key mechanisms in the Bill were described as the ability to declare
limits on carrying and possessing alcohol in restricted areas and the ability to
impose new licence conditions on licensed premises in and adjacent to Indigenous
communities. The advice of community justice groups was said to be
‘central in determining the particular controls that will be put in
place’. It was anticipated that that Alcohol Management Plans developed by
community justice groups in conjunction with members of their communities would
be the primary source of guidance in implementing the alcohol
controls.^[31]
The Commission submits that the objectives of eliminating alcohol-related
harm and violence against women and children are legitimate reasons for limiting
the rights in question. Governments have an obligation to protect the right to
security of the person^[3] and to
protect and care for the wellbeing of
children.^[32] They also have an
obligation to protect the right to the ‘highest attainable standard of
physical and mental
health’^[33] and ‘to
ensure to the maximum extent possible the survival and development of the
child’.^[34]
The critical question, however, is whether the
legislative changes are a proportionate response. This involves the Court asking
whether the relevant provisions of the Liquor Act can reasonably be
considered to involve the least possible interference with the rights outlined
in order to achieve their stated purpose. Relevant to this question is what
other measures could have been implemented on Palm Island to deal with issues
surrounding the abuse/misuse of alcohol and/or the prevention of alcohol-related
disturbances and violence.
Also relevant to the question of determining whether the limitations upon
rights in the present case are legitimate are the wishes of Indigenous people in
relation to measures affecting them, reflecting the right of Indigenous people
to self-determination.^[35] In this
regard, the Commission notes that the Liquor Act provides for consultation with
a community justice group for a particular community
area.^[36] The Minister must consult
with the community justice group and consider any recommendations made by the
community justice group^[37] but a
failure to do so does not affect the validity of a
regulation.^[38]

SPECIAL MEASURES

The expression ‘special measures’ is not defined in s 8 of the
RDA and it takes its meaning directly from article 1(4) of CERD. In Gerhardy, Brennan J identified the criteria of a special measure
as follows:^[39]

A special measure (1) confers a benefit on some or all members of a
class (2) the membership of which is based on race, colour, descent, or national
or ethnic origin (3) for the sole purpose of securing adequate advancement of
the beneficiaries in order that they may enjoy and exercise equally with others
human rights and fundamental freedoms (4) in circumstances where the protection
given to the beneficiaries by the special measure is necessary in order that
they may enjoy and exercise equally with others human rights and fundamental
freedoms.

In the same case, Mason J and Deane J indicated that the special measure had
to be reasonably ‘appropriate and adapted’ to achieving the sole
purpose of advancing a particular
group.^[40]
While it is appropriate to consider the legislation as a whole when
determining whether it is a ‘special measure’, the individual parts
must still be ‘appropriate and adapted’ to the permissible purpose.
In Vanstone v Clark,^[41] Weinberg J (with whose reasons Black CJ agreed) considered a submission that all
legislative provisions forming part of a special measure were incapable of being
racially discriminatory under the RDA. His Honour did not accept the submission,
and observed that if it were correct then ‘any provision of an ancillary
nature that inflicted disadvantage upon the group protected under a
“special measure” would itself be immune from the operation of the
RDA simply by reason of it being attached to that special
measure.’^[42] Consistently
with this authority, it was necessary for the Court to consider whether the
declaration of Palm Island as a restricted area satisfied the test for a special
measure, as opposed to the introduction of the general provisions of the Liquor
Act and the Regulations and their application to Indigenous communities
generally.
It was also necessary to consider the wishes of the particular beneficiaries
of the special measure. In Gerhardy, Brennan J highlighted the importance
of consultation with the prospective beneficiaries in this
way:^[43]

The purpose of securing advancement for a racial group is not
established by showing that the branch of government or the person who takes the
measure does so for the purpose of conferring what it or he regards as a benefit
for the group if the group does not seek or wish to have the benefit. The
wishes of the beneficiaries for the measure are of great importance (perhaps
essential) in determining whether a measure is taken for the purpose of securing
their advancement. The dignity of the beneficiaries is impaired and they are
not advanced by having an unwanted material benefit foisted on them.

His Honour’s approach is consistent with general principles of
international law and the circumstances in which special measures should
apply.^[44] The Commission submits if
a measure must be ‘appropriate and adapted’ to the purpose of
advancing a particular group, then it is impossible to form a view as to whether
a measure is ‘appropriate and adapted’ to the relevant purpose of
advancing the particular group^[45] without considering the wishes of the group.
In this case, the legislation is intended to benefit a racial group or
members of it, but it does so by limiting certain rights of some, or all, of
that group. In these circumstances, the consent of the group is of heightened
importance and any failure to seek or obtain such consent is of particular
significance. This approach is required to adequately protect the rights of
minorities and the right of Indigenous peoples to
self-determination.^[46]

STATUTORY FACTS

In Gerhardy, Brennan J indicated that in determining whether a law
was inconsistent with a Commonwealth law for the purpose of s 109 of the
Constitution, the Court was not limited to the facts placed before it by the
parties.^[47] That position is
consistent with earlier and later authorities on constitutional
fact-finding.^[48] Subject to
affording the parties the opportunity to respond to the material upon which the
Court proposes to rely,^[49] the
Court can take into account matters relevant to the validity of the impugned
legislation. That includes the extent and adequacy of consultation with the
proposed beneficiaries.

G Del Villar

Counsel for the Commission 10 February 2010

^[1] International Convention on
the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination, opened for signature
21 December 1965, 660 UNTS 195 (entered into force 4 January 1969). CERD entered
into force for Australia on 30 October 1975.

^[2] Section 168B of the Liquor
Act 1992 (Qld) makes it an offence to possess more than a prescribed
quantity of a type of liquor in a restricted area. Restricted areas are declared
by regulation pursuant to ss 173G and 173H. Schedule 1R of the Liquor
Regulations 2002 (Qld) declares Palm Island to be a restricted area.
Paragraph 2 of sch 1R provides that the prescribed quantity of alcohol is 11.25
litres of beer less than 4% alcohol and for any other liquor zero.

^[3] See Schedules 1A-R of the Liquor Regulations 2002 (Qld).

^[4] Gerhardy v Brown (1985)
159 CLR 70, 99 (Mason J) (‘Gerhardy’). See also Macabenta
v Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs (1998) 154 ALR
591,[599].

^[5] Gerhardy (1985) 159 CLR
70, 99 (Mason J); Ward v Western Australia (2002) 213 CLR 1, 99 [105]
(Gleeson CJ, Gaudron, Gummow and Hayne JJ) (‘Ward’).

^[6] Gerhardy (1985) 159 CLR
70, 99 (Mason J); Ward (2002) 213 CLR 1, 98 [101]-[103] (Gleeson CJ,
Gaudron, Gummow and Hayne JJ); Vanstone v Clark (2005) 147 FCR 299, 352
[197] (Weinberg J).

^[7] Mabo v Queensland (No 1) (1998) 166 CLR 186, 230 (Deane J) (‘Mabo No 1)’); Jango v Northern Territory (2006) 152 FCR 150, 234 [667]; Ward (2002) 213 CLR 1, 103 [115] (Gleeson CJ, Gaudron, Gummow and Hayne JJ); Gerhardy (1985) 159 CLR 70, 99 (Mason J).

^[8] Gerhardy (1985) 159 CLR
70, 101-2 (Mason J), 125-6 (Brennan J).

^[9] Ibid, 85 (Gibbs CJ).

^[10] Applicant A v Minister
for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1997) 190 CLR 225, 230-31 (Brennan
CJ).

^[11] Pilkington (Australia)
Ltd v Minister of State for Justice & Customs (2002) 127 FCR 92, 100
[26].

^{[12 ]}Ibid, 100 [26] and
authorities cited therein.

^[13] Polites v
Commonwealth (1945) 70 CLR 60, 68-69 (Latham CJ), 77 (Dixon J), 80-81
(Williams J); Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade v Magno (1992) 37
FCR 298, 304 (Gummow J).

^[14] Coco v The
Queen (1994) (1994) 179 CLR 427, 437 (Mason CJ, Brennan, Gaudron and McHugh
JJ); S157/2002 v Commonwealth (2003) 211 CLR 476, 492 [30] (Gleeson CJ)
and see also Phipps v Australian Leisure and Hospitality Group Ltd & Anor [2007] QCA 130, [79] (Phillip McMurdo J).

^[15] Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate, 15 April 1975, 999 (the Hon Mr JJ
McClelland, Minister for Manufacturing Industry).

^[16] Mabo (No 1) (1988)
166 CLR 186, 217 (Brennan, Toohey and Gaudron JJ). See also Gerhardy (1985) 159 CLR 70,126 (Brennan J).

^[17] See Appellant’s
Outline of Argument ([24]) which largely reflects the Commission’s
submission on this issue in the District Court appeal (AB 400, [33]-[35]).

^[18] See Appellant’s
Outline of Argument ([25]) which largely reflects the Commission’s
submission on this issue in the District Court appeal (AB 400, [36]).

^[19] See Appellant’s
Outline of Argument ([28]) which largely reflects the Commission’s
submission on this issue in the District Court appeal (AB 400, [43]-[48]).

^[20] Bropho v State of
Western Australia (2008) 169 FCR 59,[83] (‘Bropho’).
Mason J took a similar approach to the right to freedom of movement in Gerhardy (1985) 159 CLR 70,
102-4.

^[21] Bropho (2008) 169 FCR 59, 82
[80].

^[22] Ibid, [83].

^[23] See United Nations
Commission on Human Rights, The Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, UN Doc E/CN.4/1985/4, Annex (1985) (‘Siracusa
Principles’).

^[24] This is consistent with the High Court’s decision in Ward (2002)
213 CLR 1, 103 [115] (Gleeson, Gaudron, Gummow and Hayne
JJ).

^[25] Siracusa Principles,
[4].

^[26] Committee on the
Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD Committee), General Recommendation
14: Definition of Racial Discrimination, 42^nd sess, UN Doc
A/48/18 at 114 (1994), [2] and Human Rights Committee General Comment 18:
Non-discrimination, 37^th sess, UN Doc A/45/40 [13] (1989).

^[27] See para [14] of the
reasons for judgment.

^[28] Explanatory notes to Indigenous Communities Liquor Licences Bill 2002, 1.

^[29] Explanatory notes to Indigenous Communities Liquor Licences Bill 2002, 2.

^[30] Explanatory notes to Indigenous Communities Liquor Licences Bill 2002, 2.

^[31] Explanatory notes to Indigenous Communities Liquor Licences Bill 2002, 2.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, opened for
signature 16 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171, art 9 (entered into force
2[3] March 1976) (‘ICCPR’).

^[32] Convention on the
Rights of the Child, opened for signature 20 November 1989, 1577 UNTS 3
(entered into force 2 September 1990) (‘CRC’).

^[33] International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, opened for signature 16 December
1966, 993 UNTS 3, art 12(1) (entered into force 3 January 1976)
(‘ICESCR’).

^[34] CRC, art 6(2).

^[35] Reflected in art 1 of both
the ICCPR and ICESCR. The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (adopted by GA Res 295, UN GAOR, 61^st sess, 107^th plen
mtg, UN Doc A/Res/61/295 (2007)) affirms this right and art 19 endorses the
standard of ‘free, prior and informed consent’ in dealings with
Indigenous peoples.

^[36] Liquor Act 1992 (Qld), s 173I.

^[37] Liquor Act 1992 (Qld), s 173I(2).

^[38] Liquor Act 1992 (Qld), s 173I(4).

^[39] Gerhardy (1985) 159 CLR 70, 133 (Brennan J).

^[40] Gerhardy (1985) 159
CLR 70, 105 (Mason J), 149 (Deane J).

^[41] (2005) 147 FCR 299.

^[42] Ibid, 354 [209].

^[43] Gerhardy (1985) 159
CLR 70, 135 (emphasis added).

^[44] CERD Committee, General
Recommendation 32: The meaning and scope of special measures in the
International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination,
75^th sess, UN Doc CERD/C/GC/32 [18] (2009); CERD Committee, General Recommendation 23 concerning Indigenous Peoples,
51^stsess, UN Doc A/52/18 [4(d)] (1992). See also CERD Committee, General recommendation 21 on the Right to Self-Determination,
48^thsess, UN Doc A/51/18 [2] (1996). The European Union’s
Racial Equality Directive 2000/43/EC provides for special measures (art 5) and
the concept of social dialogue (art 11) wherein all interested parties engage in
a dialogue.

^[45] Gerhardy (1985) 159
CLR 70, 105 (Mason J), 149 (Deane
J).

^[46] ICCPR, arts 27
and 1 respectively; ICESCR, art 1; United Nations Declaration on the
Rights of Indigenous People, art 19; CERD Committee, General
Recommendation 23 concerning Indigenous Peoples: States parties are to
‘ensure that members of indigenous peoples have equal rights in respect
of effective participation in public life, and that no decision directly
relating to their rights and interests are taken without their informed
consent...’ [4(d)].

^[47] Gerhardy (1985) 159
CLR 70, 141-142.

^[48] See, for example, Commonwealth Freighters Pty Ltd v Sneddon (1959) 102 CLR 280, 292 (Dixon
CJ); Breen v Sneddon (1961) 106 CLR 406, 411 (Dixon CJ); North Eastern
Dairy Co Ltd v Dairy Industry Authority of NSW (1975) 134 CLR 559, 622
(Jacobs J); Thomas v Mowbray (2007) 233 CLR 307, 514-522 [620]-[637]
(Heydon J).

^[49] Thomas v Mowbray (2007) 233 CLR 307, 513 [618], 521 [637] (Heydon J).

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Morton v. Queensland Police Service (2010)

COURT OF APPEAL SUPREME COURT OF QUEENSLAND

Morton v. Queensland Police Service

COURT OF APPEAL

SUPREME COURT OF
QUEENSLAND