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At the international level there are three broad categories of obligation to which a state may be subject: treaty law, customary international law and emerging international standards. Treaty obligations become binding on states once they have ratified a treaty. This means that the state allows itself to be bound by the conditions and obligations contained within the treaty. Customary international law is enshrined in continuous practice by a majority of states over an extended period of time.

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It is crucial to the functioning of the native title system that there are organisations representing Indigenous people and assisting them to gain recognition and protection of native title.

<ul> <li><a href="#Heading2455">6.1 Introduction </a></li> <li><a href="#Heading2473">6.2 Steps taken by the Australian Government to implement the Declaration </a></li> <li><a href="#Heading2502">6.3 Giving effect to the Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="#Heading2611">6.4 Conclusion and recommendations</a></li> </ul> <hr> <h3><a name="_Toc401308771"></a><a name="_Toc401313929"></a><a name="_Toc404062674"></a><a name="Heading2455"></a><span>6.1</span> Introduction</h3>

Chapter 2. Indigenous Deaths in Custody Chapter 3. Comparison: Indigenous and non-Indigenous Deaths in Custody Chapter 4. Arrest and Imprisonment Rates and Most Serious Offence

On 5 November 2009 we hosted the Australian and New Zealand Race Relations Roundtable 2009, highlighting the human rights of international students as a major issue. During the year under review, we directly engaged with over 700 international students and student representatives to identify key human rights issues, participated in numerous government and academic forums focusing on international student safety and we are currently leading the development of a draft International Student Compact.

On 20 December 2007, the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) agreed to a partnership between all levels of government to work with Indigenous1 communities to achieve the target of ‘closing the gap’ on Indigenous disadvantage; and notably, to close the 17-year gap in life expectancy within a generation, and to halve the mortality rate of Indigenous children within ten-years.

Indigenous Inquiry Commissioners Annette Peardon, Marjorie Thorpe, Dr Maryanne Bin Salik, Sadie Canning, Olive Knight, Kathy Mills, Anne Louis, Laurel Williams, Jackie Huggins, Josephine Ptero-David and Professor Marcia Langton and Queensland Anti-Discrimination Commissioner John Briton assisted with hearings and in the development of the report and its recommendations. They provided strong support for those who gave evidence to the Inquiry.

After 11 years of conservative rule under the Howard Government, that saw Indigenous peoples’ native title rights and interests severely degraded under the Wik 10 Point Plan, the election of the Labor Government raised an opportunity to renew the relationship between the State and Australia’s Indigenous peoples.

In June 2011, the Commission welcomed action taken by the Australian Government to move a significant number of families and unaccompanied children from immigration detention facilities to community-based detention.